2013/12/25

Synonyms !


Synonyms !



able – capable – competent
abrupt – sudden – hasty
achieve – accomplish – attain
add – total – sum up
after – following – subsequent
aim – purpose – goal
all – every – entire
allow – permit – grant
anger – rage – fury
answer – response – reply
arrive – reach – get to
ask – question – interrogate
astonish – surprise – amaze

back – rear – behind
bear – endure – tolerate
before – prior to – in front of
begin – start – initiate
below – under – beneath
birth – origin – genesis
border – edge – margin
bother – annoy – pester
boy – lad – youth
brave – courageous – daring
bulge – swell – protrude
busy – occupied – engaged

call – shout – yell
calm – composed – serene
car – auto – vehicle
carry – tote – lug
careful – cautious – prudent
change – vary – alter
change – vary – alter
charm – fascinate – enchant
cheat – deceive – swindle
children – youngsters – tots
city – borough – town
close – shut – seal
consent – agree – acquiesce
continue – persevere – persist
country – nation – state
cure – heal – restore

danger – peril – hazard
decrease – lessen – diminish
defect – flaw – blemish
delay – postpone – procrastinate
different – varied – diverse
disaster – calamity – catastrophe
divide – separate – split
during – while – at the same time
dwell – live – reside

eat – consume – devour
effort – exertion – endeavor
end – finish – complete
energy – power – strength
enough – adequate – sufficient
error – mistake – fallacy
explain – expound – elucidate

faith – trust – reliance
fat – plump – stout
fetch – bring – retrieve
find – locate – discover
fix – repair – mend
flat – level – flush
food – nourishment – sustenance
form – shape – make up
fragile – delicate – breakable
freedom – independence – liberty
frequent – often – many times

gay – lively – vivacious
gift – present – donation
give – grant – hand over
glum – morose – sullen
go – leave – depart
grateful – appreciative – thankful
great – grand – large
grow – mature – develop

happy – glad – joyous
have – own – possess
hard – difficult – troublesome
hate – detest – despise
heal – mend – cure
help – aid – assist
hide – conceal – secrete
high – tall – lofty
hold – grasp – clutch
hurry – rush – accelerate

idea – thought – concept
ill – sick – indisposed
income – revenue – earnings
injure – wound – hurt

job – work – occupation
junk – rubbish – waste
just – fair – right

keep – hold – retain
key – answer – solution
kind – considerate – helpful
kill – slaughter – murder

large – big – enormous
last – endure – persist
late – tardy – delayed
learn – acquire – understand
leave – depart – go away
like – enjoy – be fond of
listen – hear – attend
little – small – petite
long – lengthy – drawn out
look – glance – see

mad – crazy – insane
make – build – construct
many – multitudinous – numerous
marvelous – wonderful – extraordinary
mean – stand for – denote
mend – repair – restore
method – way – manner
might – may – perhaps
mistake – error – blunder
move – transport – propel

name – title – designation
near – close by – in the vicinity
need – require – want
new – fresh – recent
noise – uproar – clamor
novice – beginner – learner

occur – happen – take place
often – frequently – repeatedly
omit – delete – remove
one – single – unit
old – aged – ancient
open – unlock – unseal
ornament – decoration – adornment
outlive – survive – outlast

page – sheet – leaf
pain – ache – hurt
pair – couple – duo
pardon – forgive – excuse
part – portion – piece
peak – summit – top
people – public – populace
play – frolic – romp
praise – acclaim – applaud
primary – chief – principal
prohibit – forbid – restrict
put – place – locate

raid – attack – invade
reckless – careless – rash
remote – distant – secluded
renew – restore – revive
respect – honor – revere
revise – alter – correct
right – correct – proper
say – state – remark
seem – appear – look
sell – vend – market
shame – humiliation – mortification
sorry – regretful – penitent
speed – haste – hurry
start – begin – commence
stop – halt – end
story – tale – account
show - demonstrate – display
still – unmoving – silent
strength – power – energy
supply – provide – furnish
surpass – exceed – outdo

take – grab – seize
tense – taut – rigid
terrify – frighten – alarm
thanks – gratitude – appreciation
thaw – melt – dissolve
thief – robber – crook
thin – slender – slim
think – reflect – contemplate
time – period – season
timid – fearful – cowardly
tiny – small – diminutive
trial – test – experiment
try – attempt – endeavor
turn – revolve – pivot
true – faithful – loyal

ugly – homely – plain
understand – comprehend – discern
unify – consolidate – combine
uproar – tumult – pandemonium
urge – press – exhort
use – operate – employ

vacant – empty – unoccupied
value – worth – price
vast – huge – immense
verify – confirm – substantiate
victor – winner – champion

walk – stroll – saunter
want – desire – crave
waver – fluctuate – vacillate
weak – feeble – impotent
wealth – riches – fortune
word – term – expression
work – labor – toil
world – globe – earth



2013/10/23

Functional meaning of models

Functional meaning of models


must: certainty, obligation, ( 100% necessary to do something.)
mustn’t: prohibition ( 100% necessary not to do something.)
may: possibility – probability ( it’s about 50% possible )
might: possibility ( less than 50% possible )
needn’t: ( lack of necessity )
should: advice ( it’s a good idea )
shouldn’t: ( it’s a bad idea )
can’t : impossibility

- When I leave school, I may go to a university of science or I can even get a job at a laboratory.
- This must be the laboratory – there are instruments and products of scientific research.
- I’ll probably come back to see the manager next week if I am free.
- I think / guess they are going to offer me a job as I have the ideal profile.
- They will certainly interview me about my past experience as they usually do.
- I guess / think their wages are high and their technology is advanced.
- I certainly will enjoy myself working in this laboratory; I am fond of science and technology.
- Computers are likely to replace teachers in a few years’ time.
- It’s positive that the problem of unemployment will be solved if drastic measures are taken.
- I bet the rate of illiteracy in our country will decrease in the next decade.
- We needn’t raise taxes. We have made a lot of money out of phosphates sales this year.





how to change a verb into a noun

how to change a verb into a noun



There is not one single rule for changing nouns into verbs (or verbs into nouns).
The only way to know which form of the word to use is to memorize the nouns and verbs.
There are a few techniques/methods - see below....

Sometimes the same word can function as both a noun and a verb, for example:
help / call / name / change

There are several ways to change a noun (and an adjective) into a verb. One way is by adding one of these suffixes [- ate, en, ify, ise/ize]

Medicine (n) ....... medicate (v)
Negotiation (n) .... negotiate (v)

Length (n) ........... lengthen (v)
Fright (n) ............ frighten (v)

Note (n) .............. notify (v)
Liquid (n) ............ liquify/liquefy (v)

Standard (n)........ standardize (v)
Apology (n) ........ apologize (v)

Sometimes we can change a noun into a verb by removing/deleting the end/last part/suffix of the noun, for example: employment becomes employ / expectation becomes expect.

Here are a few website quizzes which may help:

 
 




Singular and Plural Nouns

Singular and Plural Nouns


Singular and Plural Nouns

A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea.
Usually, the first page of a grammar book tells you about nouns. Nouns give names of concrete or abstract things in our lives. As babies learn "mom," "dad," or "milk" as their first word, nouns should be the first topic when you study a foreign language.

For the plural form of most nouns, add s.
  • bottle – bottles
  • cup – cups
  • pencil – pencils
  • desk – desks
  • sticker – stickers
  • window – windows
For nouns that end in ch, x, s, or s sounds, add es.
  • box – boxes
  • watch – watches
  • moss – mosses
  • bus – buses
For nouns ending in f or fe, change f to v and add es.
  • wolf – wolves
  • wife – wives
  • leaf – leaves
  • life – lives
Some nouns have different plural forms.
  • child – children
  • woman – women
  • man – men
  • mouse – mice
  • goose – geese
Nouns ending in vowels like y or o do not have definite rules.
  • baby – babies
  • toy – toys
  • kidney – kidneys
  • potato – potatoes
  • memo – memos
  • stereo – stereos
A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms.
  • sheep – sheep
  • deer – deer
  • series – series
  • species – species

[Quiz 1.1]

Choose the correct form of the noun in each sentence.

1) I have three (child, children).
2) There are five (man, men) and one (woman, women).
3) (Baby, Babies) play with bottles as toys.
4) I put two big (potato, potatoes) in the lunch box.
5) A few men wear (watch, watches).
6) I put a (memo, memos) on the desk.
7) I saw a (mouse, mice) running by.
8) There are few (bus, buses) on the road today.






2013/10/22

How to pronounce gh

How to pronounce gh

Words with Silent Letters




GH Words





Written "gh" has no sound of its own.
It's never pronounced as it's written, ie. /gh/
The gh is beginning to disappear in some written words,
with the new spelling reflecting the pronunciation of the word.

   
gh = /g/
a few words
Afghanistan aghast Ghana
gherkin ghost ghoul
ghetto spaghetti

/ɔf/
cough trough

/ʌf/
rough tough
enough slough off

/əp/
hiccough

/æf/
laugh draught draft

/ɔ/ +
silent gh
daughter slaughter
fraught ought to
haughty naughty
past tense verbs
catch caught ... teach taught
buy bought ... bring brought
fight fought ... seek sought
think thought

/ay/ +
silent gh
bright light night
sigh sight
high height

/ey/ +
silent gh
neighbor sleigh
weigh weight
straight

/ow/ +
silent gh
(al)though
dough doughnut donut
borough boro thorough

/uw/ +
silent gh
through

/aw/ +
silent gh
bough plough plow
drought




English irregular verbs

Irregular Verb Dictionary


A
InfinitiveSimple PastPast Participle
arisearosearisen
awakeawakened / awokeawakened / awoken
B
backslidebackslidbackslidden / backslid
bewas, werebeen
bearboreborn / borne
beatbeatbeaten / beat
becomebecamebecome
beginbeganbegun
bendbentbent
betbet / betted [?]bet / betted [?]
bid (farewell)bid / badebidden
bid (offer amount)bidbid
bindboundbound
bitebitbitten
bleedbledbled
blowblewblown
breakbrokebroken
breedbredbred
bringbroughtbrought
broadcastbroadcast / broadcastedbroadcast / broadcasted
browbeatbrowbeatbrowbeaten / browbeat
buildbuiltbuilt
burnburned / burnt [?]burned / burnt [?]
burstburstburst
bustbusted / bustbusted / bust
buyboughtbought
C
castcastcast
catchcaughtcaught
choosechosechosen
clingclungclung
clotheclothed / clad [?]clothed / clad [?]
comecamecome
costcostcost
creepcreptcrept
crossbreedcrossbredcrossbred
cutcutcut
D
daydreamdaydreamed / daydreamt [?]daydreamed / daydreamt [?]
dealdealt dealt
digdugdug
disprovedisproveddisproved / disproven
dive (jump head-first)dove / diveddived
dive (scuba diving)dived / dovedived
dodiddone
drawdrewdrawn
dreamdreamed / dreamt [?]dreamed / dreamt [?]
drinkdrankdrunk
drivedrovedriven
dwelldwelt / dwelled [?]dwelt / dwelled [?]
E
eatateeaten
F
fallfellfallen
feedfedfed
feelfeltfelt
fightfoughtfought
findfoundfound
fit (tailor, change size)fitted / fit [?]fitted / fit [?]
fit (be right size)fit / fitted [?]fit / fitted [?]
fleefledfled
flingflungflung
flyflewflown
forbidforbadeforbidden
forecastforecastforecast
forego (also forgo)forewentforegone
foreseeforesawforeseen
foretellforetoldforetold
forgetforgotforgotten / forgot [?]
forgiveforgaveforgiven
forsakeforsookforsaken
freezefrozefrozen
frostbitefrostbitfrostbitten
G
getgotgotten / got [?]
givegavegiven
gowentgone
grindgroundground
growgrewgrown
H
hand-feedhand-fedhand-fed
handwritehandwrotehandwritten
hanghunghung
havehadhad
hearheardheard
hewhewedhewn / hewed
hidehidhidden
hithithit
holdheldheld
hurthurthurt
I
inbreedinbredinbred
inlayinlaidinlaid
inputinput / inputtedinput / inputted
interbreedinterbredinterbred
interweaveinterwove / interweavedinterwoven / interweaved
interwindinterwoundinterwound
J
jerry-buildjerry-builtjerry-built
K
keepkeptkept
kneelknelt / kneeledknelt / kneeled
knitknitted / knitknitted / knit
knowknewknown
L
laylaidlaid
leadledled
leanleaned / leant [?]leaned / leant [?]
leapleaped / leapt [?]leaped / leapt [?]
learnlearned / learnt [?]learned / learnt [?]
leaveleftleft
lendlentlent
letletlet
lielaylain
lie (not tell truth) REGULARliedlied
lightlit / lightedlit / lighted
lip-readlip-readlip-read
loselostlost
M
makemademade
meanmeantmeant
meetmetmet
miscastmiscastmiscast
misdealmisdealtmisdealt
misdomisdidmisdone
mishearmisheardmisheard
mislaymislaidmislaid
misleadmisledmisled
mislearnmislearned / mislearnt [?]mislearned / mislearnt [?]
misreadmisreadmisread
missetmissetmisset
misspeakmisspokemisspoken
misspellmisspelled / misspelt [?]misspelled / misspelt [?]
misspendmisspentmisspent
mistakemistookmistaken
misteachmistaughtmistaught
misunderstandmisunderstoodmisunderstood
miswritemiswrotemiswritten
mowmowedmowed / mown
N
No irregular verbs beginning with "N."
O
offsetoffsetoffset
outbidoutbidoutbid
outbreedoutbredoutbred
outdooutdidoutdone
outdrawoutdrewoutdrawn
outdrinkoutdrankoutdrunk
outdriveoutdroveoutdriven
outfightoutfoughtoutfought
outflyoutflewoutflown
outgrowoutgrewoutgrown
outleapoutleaped / outleapt [?]outleaped / outleapt [?]
outlie (not tell truth) REGULARoutliedoutlied
outrideoutrodeoutridden
outrunoutranoutrun
outselloutsoldoutsold
outshineoutshined / outshone [?]outshined / outshone [?]
outshootoutshotoutshot
outsingoutsangoutsung
outsitoutsatoutsat
outsleepoutsleptoutslept
outsmelloutsmelled / outsmelt [?]outsmelled / outsmelt [?]
outspeakoutspokeoutspoken
outspeedoutspedoutsped
outspendoutspentoutspent
outswearoutsworeoutsworn
outswimoutswamoutswum
outthinkoutthoughtoutthought
outthrowoutthrewoutthrown
outwriteoutwroteoutwritten
overbidoverbidoverbid
overbreedoverbredoverbred
overbuildoverbuiltoverbuilt
overbuyoverboughtoverbought
overcomeovercameovercome
overdooverdidoverdone
overdrawoverdrewoverdrawn
overdrinkoverdrankoverdrunk
overeatoverateovereaten
overfeedoverfedoverfed
overhangoverhungoverhung
overhearoverheardoverheard
overlayoverlaidoverlaid
overpayoverpaidoverpaid
overrideoverrodeoverridden
overrunoverranoverrun
overseeoversawoverseen
overselloversoldoversold
oversewoversewedoversewn / oversewed
overshootovershotovershot
oversleepoversleptoverslept
overspeakoverspokeoverspoken
overspendoverspentoverspent
overspilloverspilled / overspilt [?]overspilled / overspilt [?]
overtakeovertookovertaken
overthinkoverthoughtoverthought
overthrowoverthrewoverthrown
overwindoverwoundoverwound
overwriteoverwroteoverwritten
P
partakepartookpartaken
paypaidpaid
pleadpleaded / pledpleaded / pled
prebuildprebuiltprebuilt
predopredidpredone
premakepremadepremade
prepayprepaidprepaid
presellpresoldpresold
presetpresetpreset
preshrinkpreshrankpreshrunk
proofreadproofreadproofread
proveprovedproven / proved
putputput
Q
quick-freezequick-frozequick-frozen
quitquit / quitted [?]quit / quitted [?]
R
readread (sounds like "red") read (sounds like "red")
reawakereawokereawaken
rebidrebidrebid
rebindreboundrebound
rebroadcastrebroadcast / rebroadcastedrebroadcast / rebroadcasted
rebuildrebuiltrebuilt
recastrecastrecast
recutrecutrecut
redealredealtredealt
redoredidredone
redrawredrewredrawn
refit (replace parts)refit / refitted [?]refit / refitted [?]
refit (retailor)refitted / refit [?]refitted / refit [?]
regrindregroundreground
regrowregrewregrown
rehangrehungrehung
rehearreheardreheard
reknitreknitted / reknitreknitted / reknit
relay (for example tiles)relaidrelaid
relay (pass along) REGULARrelayedrelayed
relearnrelearned / relearnt [?]relearned / relearnt [?]
relightrelit / relightedrelit / relighted
remakeremaderemade
repayrepaidrepaid
rereadrereadreread
rerunreranrerun
resellresoldresold
resendresentresent
resetresetreset
resewresewedresewn / resewed
retakeretookretaken
reteachretaughtretaught
retearretoreretorn
retellretoldretold
rethinkrethoughtrethought
retreadretreadretread
retrofitretrofitted / retrofit [?]retrofitted / retrofit [?]
rewakerewoke / rewakedrewaken / rewaked
rewearreworereworn
reweaverewove / reweavedrewoven / reweaved
rewedrewed / reweddedrewed / rewedded
rewetrewet / rewetted [?]rewet / rewetted [?]
rewinrewonrewon
rewindrewoundrewound
rewriterewroterewritten
ridridrid
rideroderidden
ringrangrung
riseroserisen
roughcastroughcastroughcast
runranrun
S
sand-castsand-castsand-cast
sawsawedsawed / sawn
saysaidsaid
seesawseen
seeksoughtsought
sellsoldsold
sendsentsent
setsetset
sewsewedsewn / sewed
shakeshookshaken
shaveshavedshaved / shaven
shearshearedsheared / shorn
shedshedshed
shineshined / shone [?]shined / shone [?]
shitshit / shat / shittedshit/ shat / shitted
shootshotshot
showshowedshown / showed
shrinkshrank / shrunkshrunk
shutshutshut
sight-readsight-readsight-read
singsangsung
sinksank / sunksunk
sitsatsat
slay (kill)slew / slayedslain / slayed
slay (amuse) REGULARslayedslayed
sleepsleptslept
slideslidslid
slingslungslung
slinkslinked / slunkslinked / slunk
slitslitslit
smellsmelled / smelt [?]smelled / smelt [?]
sneaksneaked / snucksneaked / snuck
sowsowedsown / sowed
speakspokespoken
speedsped / speededsped / speeded
spellspelled / spelt [?]spelled / spelt [?]
spendspentspent
spillspilled / spilt [?]spilled / spilt [?]
spinspunspun
spitspit / spatspit / spat
splitsplitsplit
spoilspoiled / spoilt [?]spoiled / spoilt [?]
spoon-feedspoon-fedspoon-fed
spreadspreadspread
springsprang / sprungsprung
stand stoodstood
stealstolestolen
stickstuckstuck
stingstungstung
stinkstunk / stankstunk
strewstrewedstrewn / strewed
stridestrodestridden
strike (delete)struckstricken
strike (hit)struckstruck / stricken
stringstrungstrung
strivestrove / strivedstriven / strived
subletsubletsublet
sunburnsunburned / sunburnt [?]sunburned / sunburnt [?]
swearsworesworn
sweatsweat / sweatedsweat / sweated
sweepsweptswept
swellswelledswollen / swelled
swimswamswum
swingswungswung
T
taketooktaken
teachtaughttaught
teartoretorn
telecasttelecasttelecast
telltoldtold
test-drivetest-drovetest-driven
test-flytest-flewtest-flown
thinkthoughtthought
throwthrewthrown
thrustthrustthrust
treadtrodtrodden / trod
typecasttypecasttypecast
typesettypesettypeset
typewritetypewrotetypewritten
U
unbendunbentunbent
unbindunboundunbound
unclotheunclothed / unclad [?]unclothed / unclad [?]
underbidunderbidunderbid
undercutundercutundercut
underfeedunderfedunderfed
undergounderwentundergone
underlieunderlayunderlain
undersellundersoldundersold
underspendunderspentunderspent
understandunderstoodunderstood
undertakeundertookundertaken
underwriteunderwroteunderwritten
undoundidundone
unfreezeunfrozeunfrozen
unhangunhungunhung
unhideunhidunhidden
unknitunknitted / unknitunknitted / unknit
unlearnunlearned / unlearnt [?]unlearned / unlearnt [?]
unsewunsewedunsewn / unsewed
unslingunslungunslung
unspinunspununspun
unstickunstuckunstuck
unstringunstrungunstrung
unweaveunwove / unweavedunwoven / unweaved
unwindunwoundunwound
upholdupheldupheld
upsetupsetupset
V
No commonly used irregular verbs beginning with "V."
To view our extended dictionary including rare and antiquated forms, Click Here.
W
wakewoke / wakedwoken / waked
waylaywaylaidwaylaid
wearworeworn
weavewove / weavedwoven / weaved
wedwed / weddedwed / wedded
weepweptwept
wetwet / wetted [?]wet / wetted [?]
whet  REGULARwhettedwhetted
winwonwon
windwoundwound
withdrawwithdrewwithdrawn
withholdwithheldwithheld
withstandwithstoodwithstood
wringwrungwrung
writewrotewritten